Short answer is
You can't upgrade
Long story:
You maybe can upgrade to a few nearest version as mentioned this ESRI community post.
https://community.esri.com/t5/arcgis-experience-builder-questions/how-to-update-local-eb-developers-edition/td-p/1376086
ESRI release new version average every 6 month, that means upgrade to next nearest release maybe work with some of re-development fix.
Upgrade to next year and future version is likely more forbidden because any customized widget in developer edition is not upgradable as ESRI mentioned.
ESRI only upgrade build-in version of experience builder. If you create experience builder in Enterprise portal or arcgis online, that is called 'build-in' version of experience builder. No customized widget allowed in build-in version.
When you upgrade enterprise portal from V10.91 to version 11.2, all your old experience builder app created inside portal or online environment will automatically upgrade to latest version without your notice.
Arcgis online version constantly upgraded very 6 month without your notice, your build-in experience builder app will not broken after each upgrade is because it don't have your customized widget. All the ESRI build in widget will be upgrade along with the whole enterprise version upgrade.
Experience builder developer editon can be upgrade easily if you don't have any your customzied widget.
However the point you use developer edition instead of use build in edition is to inject your customzied widget.
In HRSA's UDS mapper replica use mainly 2 customized widget, data table widget, udsmap widget, as this picture shows
ESRI's official experience builder upgade guide is here
https://developers.arcgis.com/experience-builder/guide/upgrade/
Why you need upgrade experience builder on earth?
How about I never upgrade experience builder version and react version underneath?
Yes, never upgrade is ok and likely about to happen in the end of day.
If you runing experience builder stand alone like HRSA's UDS mapper. Your app is never going to break even you upgrade your arcgis enterprise portal from current V10.91 to v11.2.
But if you are going to integrate this developer edition app into your arcgis enterprise portal, then after your upgrade, very likely those customzised widget is broken as ESRI officially mentioned, they don't support to upgrade your customized widget. They only upgrade their own build-in offical widget.
In that case, you only choice will be don't upgrade the whole arcgis enterprise version from v10.91 to v11.2.
Or if you upgrade to v11.2, then you have to discard your old experience builder apps and download a new version of experience builder app and start over to build again, that is time consuming job, no one likes to repeat your previous work.
So I was end up to discard old experience builder, then use build-in version of experience builder without custom widget, this way I will no longer worry about upgrade version issue, however, I lose the freedom of create customzied widget.
In each case, you have to choose which you want, you want customized widget? Then use developer edition, then don't integerate or run it in arcgis enterprise portal environment. app ID is the key to interegration process.
Instead run it stand alone, like HRSA, upload the whole developer edition folder to IIS's wwwroot folder.
Now you need to keep in mind that upgrade is mostly forbidden in the future years because of the customized widget.
Why I do want to upgrade experience builder?
Because, latest version of experience builder fix some bugs, also keep releasing new style, new template, new function, new widget, re-wrote the old widget, these things attract me to upgrade.
In your case you have to balance the benefit and concern to make your own choice.